Which of the following is an example of Philip II exercising his nickname of "Defender of Catholicism"?

The example of Philip II exercising his nickname of "Defender of Catholicism" is best illustrated by the support of the Inquisition. Philip II was a staunch advocate of Catholicism and aimed to reinforce the Catholic faith across his empire, particularly during a time when Protestantism was spreading in Europe.

His involvement in the Inquisition showcased his commitment to upholding Catholic doctrine and eliminating heresy. The Inquisition was a powerful tool used to root out Protestant influence and to ensure religious uniformity, which aligned with his self-proclaimed title as the "Defender of Catholicism." By actively supporting this institution, Philip II demonstrated his determination to protect and promote the Catholic Church and its teachings.

The defeat of the Spanish Armada, while a significant military event, does not directly reflect his role in defending Catholicism against internal threats like Protestantism. Similarly, while the construction of El Escorial served as a magnificent royal palace and monastery symbolizing Catholic power, it was not an active measure taken to defend the faith against enemies. An alliance with Protestant powers would counteract his title, as it would be contrary to his objectives in promoting Catholicism during a period of religious strife in Europe.

Thus, the support of the Inquisition most directly exemplifies