Which of the following is considered a negative consequence of nationalism?

Nationalism, while often promoting a sense of pride and unity among people sharing common ethnicity, language, or culture, can sometimes lead to detrimental outcomes. One of the most significant negative consequences of nationalism is the rise of extreme nationalist movements. These movements can promote xenophobia, intolerance, and aggressive policies directed against those perceived as outsiders or different.

Extreme nationalist movements may glorify a particular nation or ethnicity to an extent that dismisses or undermines the rights and existence of other groups, potentially leading to discrimination, violence, or even warfare. History has shown that such movements can escalate into social conflict and territorial disputes, often resulting in severe humanitarian crises, as seen in various historical contexts such as the Balkan Wars or the rise of fascism in the early 20th century.

In contrast, the other options reflect more positive or neutral aspects of nationalism, such as fostering a cohesive national identity, supporting movements for independence based on shared cultural or historical ties, and promoting cultural unity within a nation. These aspects typically emphasize solidarity and collective advancement rather than division or hostility.