Which group spearheaded the independence movement in Latin America?

The Creoles were the primary group that spearheaded the independence movement in Latin America during the early 19th century. This was largely due to their unique position within colonial society. Creoles were individuals of European ancestry born in the Americas, and they often felt a sense of discontent towards the ruling authorities, which included the Peninsulares—those born in Spain who held the highest positions in colonial administration.

Frustrated by their exclusion from political power and the economic restrictions imposed by the Spanish crown, the Creoles were inspired by Enlightenment ideals such as liberty, equality, and self-governance. They played a pivotal role in organizing revolutionary movements, leading campaigns, and forming the early governments in the newly independent states. Leaders such as Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín emerged from this group, embodying the aspirations of the Creoles to challenge colonial rule and establish independent nations.

In contrast, while the Mestizos, Native Americans, and even some groups of Peninsulares may have played roles in the independence movements, the Creoles were foundational in articulating the ideology of independence and forming the new political entities that emerged. Their position in society, combined with their motivations and resources, positioned them as the leaders of change in this