What was a major outcome of nationalism in the 19th century?

Nationalism in the 19th century played a significant role in shaping political landscapes across Europe and beyond. One of the major outcomes of nationalism was that it tore apart centuries-old empires, such as the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires. As people began to identify more with their national or ethnic identity rather than a larger imperial identity, this led to demands for self-determination and independence.

Various ethnic groups within these multi-ethnic empires sought to assert their national identity, often leading to tensions, uprisings, and ultimately the disintegration of these empires. Nationalism fostered a sense of unity among people with shared language, culture, and historical experiences, which contributed to the desires for nations to govern themselves independently. This movement away from empire-centric governance highlighted the fragility of large, multi-ethnic states and led to significant political changes, such as the formation of nation-states, redrawing of borders, and the emergence of new national governments.