What is one way in which nationalism was expressed in the 19th century?

Nationalism in the 19th century was prominently expressed through anti-colonial movements, which sought independence from imperial powers. Many nations and groups began to assert their right to self-determination and independence, fueled by a growing sense of national identity and pride. These movements often sought to unify people under the shared bonds of language, culture, and history while resisting external domination.

For example, in Latin America, leaders like Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín led revolutions against Spanish colonial rule, driven by nationalist sentiments. Similarly, in parts of Asia and Africa, groups began to rally around the idea of nationhood, seeking to establish their own sovereign states and resist colonial control. This push for independence was a manifestation of strong nationalistic feelings, as people looked to reclaim their identities and autonomy from foreign powers.

The alternative options reflect different concepts that do not align with the specific nature of nationalism in this context. Promoting global citizenship diverges from the exclusive identity focus of nationalism. A decline in national identities contradicts the surge in nationalism observed during this period, where identities were becoming more pronounced. Advocating for various regional cultures can be seen as a different aspect of nationalism, particularly in promoting regional pride, but it does not capture