What effect did nationalism have on European politics in the 19th century?

Nationalism in the 19th century had a significant impact on European politics by fostering a sense of identity and unity among various groups within nations, which often led to increased calls for independence and self-determination. Many ethnic and cultural groups that were part of larger empires—such as the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires—sought to assert their own national identities and gain autonomy or full independence.

This surge in nationalist sentiment prompted movements aimed at unifying people with shared cultural backgrounds and interests, leading to the formation of new nation-states. Countries like Italy and Germany, for instance, experienced unification as nationalist movements gained momentum. Additionally, this desire for self-determination influenced various revolutionary activities and wars, including the revolutions of 1848, which were driven by nationalist objectives.

In this context, nationalism can be seen as a force that energized people to seek their political rights and reshape the political landscape of Europe, making the idea of self-determination a powerful and transformative aspect of the century.